The Kickapoos

Always on the move

By Kristopher K. Townsend

Perhaps more than any North American people, the Kickapoo exemplify the transitory nature of the native nations encountered during the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Kickapoo movements were so frequent and diverse that the tribe cannot be associated with any single geographic area. They moved in various directions from Detroit on the Great Lakes to Wisconsin, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, and even Mexico. By 1803, many had migrated farther west to avoid European settlement, and there was at least one village near Ste. Genevieve on the Mississippi River.[2]Louis Houck, A History of Missouri from the Earliest Explorations and Settlements Until the Admission of the State into the Union (Chicago: R. R. Donnelley & Sons Company, 1908), 362.

Algonquian-speaking, the Kickapoo are linguistically and culturally similar to the Sauk and Fox; and the Mascouten whom they eventually absorbed. As they migrated, the people shifted loyalties with relevant, but competing, colonial powers: the French, the English, and the Spanish. Such positive relations with the United States were never established.[3]Charles Callender, Richard K. Pope, and Susan M. Pope, Handbook of North American Indians: Northeast Vol. 15, ed. Bruce G. Trigger (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1978), 656, 663.

As a deterrent to Osage raids on its citizens, the Spanish had encouraged Shawnees, Lenape Delawares, and Kickapoos to settle in their Missouri and Kansas territories. Spelled Kickpo, Kickapoo, and Kick, the expedition journalist make it clear that the Osage People were enemies of the Kickapoo. In March 1804, Lewis, Clark, one of the Chouteaus, and Charles Gratiot went up the Missouri to stop a Kickapoo war party headed toward the Osage. The Chouteaus had for years developed trade with the Osage and by 1800, the Osage trade accounted for half of the St. Louis trade.[4]“Chouteau Family,” Oklahoma Historical Society, accessed 21 December 2020, https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=CH056.. The ability to protect your partners from harm was a promise given to induce trade agreements.

In 1819, migration to reservations west of the Missouri began taxing the land’s resources and prompted hostilities between the Osage and an alliance of Kickapoo, Delaware, and Shawnee.[5]Houck, 196–97; Callender, Pope and Pope, 662. As a result, in 1832, the Kickapoo were assigned to a new tract west of the Missouri. Many instead migrated to Arkansas, Texas, and Mexico. Eventually most were forced to move to Indian Territory, present-day Oklahoma.[6]Frederick Webb Hodge, Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico (Washington: Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology, Government Printing Office, 1912), 1:684–85.

Today, there are three federally recognized Kickapoo tribes in the United States: the Kickapoo Tribe of Indians of the Kickapoo Reservation in Kansas, the Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma, and the Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas. The Tribu Kikapú still resides in Mexico.[7]“Kickapoo People,” Wikipedia, accessed 20 December 2020, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickapoo_people.

 

Selected Encounters

Notes

Notes
1 George Catlin, Letters and Notes on the Manners, Customs, and Condition of the North American Indians, reprint (Edinburgh: John Grant, 1926) 2:112–13.
2 Louis Houck, A History of Missouri from the Earliest Explorations and Settlements Until the Admission of the State into the Union (Chicago: R. R. Donnelley & Sons Company, 1908), 362.
3 Charles Callender, Richard K. Pope, and Susan M. Pope, Handbook of North American Indians: Northeast Vol. 15, ed. Bruce G. Trigger (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1978), 656, 663.
4 “Chouteau Family,” Oklahoma Historical Society, accessed 21 December 2020, https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=CH056.
5 Houck, 196–97; Callender, Pope and Pope, 662.
6 Frederick Webb Hodge, Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico (Washington: Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology, Government Printing Office, 1912), 1:684–85.
7 “Kickapoo People,” Wikipedia, accessed 20 December 2020, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickapoo_people.

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  • The Lewis and Clark Expedition: Day by Day by Gary E. Moulton (University of Nebraska Press, 2018). The story in prose, 14 May 1804–23 September 1806.
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