Charles Greifenstein
Charles Greifenstein has an MA in literature from the University of Arizona and an MS in information science from Drexel University. Prior to his arrival at the American Philosophical Society in 2003, for nine years he worked at the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, last serving as Associate Librarian and Curator of Archives & Manuscripts. Since 2004 he has been Manuscripts Librarian at the APS. It is his privilege to have in his care many of the surviving documents of the Lewis and Clark expedition, including the original journals.
Contributions to this Site
18th Century Medicine
Bleeding and purging
by Charles Greifenstein
Treatment emphasized depletion of ‘morbid excitement’ through bleeding and purging. Calomel and jalap were preferred purgatives; blended together they became Rush’s pills, taken along by the Corps of Discovery.
Peale’s Later Years
by Charles Greifenstein
Purchasing over one hundred acres of rolling land in 1810, Peale expected that as a gentleman farmer he would give himself over to a life of art. He did paint more, but Peale, as energetic as ever, also poured himself into the agricultural arts and technological invention.
Peale’s Museum
by Charles Greifenstein
Peale’s Museum showcased the natural treasures of the new country such as mastodon fossils from Big Bone Lick and the first public display of artifacts from the Lewis and Clark Expedition.
Rush and the Expedition
Influential physician
by Charles Greifenstein
The advice Dr. Rush had given Lewis often sounds rather odd or useless by modern standards, and wasn’t followed to the letter by the captains, but it fulfilled Jefferson’s request.
Benjamin Rush
America's M.D.
by Charles F. Reed, Charles Greifenstein
Rush was the most famous physician in America in 1803, the year Meriwether Lewis, at the behest of Thomas Jefferson, visited him in Philadelphia, where Rush would advise Lewis on how to keep his men healthy.
Peale’s Early Years
by Charles Greifenstein
As the oldest child, Charles Willson very early faced the problem of earning a living for himself and helping support his mother and siblings. By 1761 Peale was able to set himself up as an independent saddler and then learned watch repair, harness making, upholstering, and silversmithing.
Preserving the Expedition
Peale's specimen displays
by Charles Greifenstein
The stuffed birds and mammals, the skins and skeletons, and especially the Indian artifacts, that Peale received—mainly from Lewis, through Jefferson—greatly benefited the museum and consequently the public’s appreciation of the expedition.
Peale the Painter
by Charles Greifenstein
Portrait painting pointed to better prospects than saddle-making. Leaving Rachel and their young son, with high hopes for his new profession and eager to see that the inheritance promised his father was secure, Peale sailed for England in December 1766.
Peale the Patriot
by Charles Greifenstein
Captain Peale’s militia company sailed up the Delaware River toward Trenton, arriving in time to see Washington’s bedraggled army cross into Pennsylvania. As the war progressed, he found himself strongly drawn to the democratizing aspects of the revolution.
Experience the Lewis and Clark Trail
The Lewis and Clark Trail Experience—our sister site at lewisandclark.travel—connects the world to people and places on the Lewis and Clark Trail.
Discover More
- The Lewis and Clark Expedition: Day by Day by Gary E. Moulton (University of Nebraska Press, 2018). The story in prose, 14 May 1804–23 September 1806.
- The Lewis and Clark Journals: An American Epic of Discovery (abridged) by Gary E. Moulton (University of Nebraska Press, 2003). Selected journal excerpts, 14 May 1804–23 September 1806.
- The Lewis and Clark Journals. by Gary E. Moulton (University of Nebraska Press, 1983–2001). The complete story in 13 volumes.
This site is provided as a public service by the
Lewis and Clark Trail Alliance
with additional funding from the following:
